Aphid Behavior
Aphids feed by inserting their rostrum-borne stylets into a plant and ratcheting them between plant cells, seldom penetrating any until they enter the phloem sieve tubes and extract sap. Stylet advancement is lubricated by saliva containing a pectinase that loosens the bonding between plant cells. The saliva forms a stylet sheath that is left in the plant when the stylets are withdrawn. To cope with a sap diet, aphid guts have specialized groups of cells, mycetomes, containing rickettsia-like...
Arboreal Bioregions
The arboreal biome includes the areas supporting forests, as opposed to only individual trees. Patches of meadows, rocky outcrops, or swamps may occur because of local ecological conditions, and although they are mostly treeless, they still form part of the arboreal biome. Temperature and humidity mainly determine the type of forest occuring in an area. Only the large zonal types are briefly characterized most are more or less disjunct today. hylaea A name orginally proposed for the Amazonian...
New Taxa Described By Michail Josifov
Taxa are ordered by alphabet. After the year of publication the number of the paper in Gampsoacantha Josifov amp Stusak, 1987 - 1987 287 98 . Typus generis Gampsoacantha beroni Josifov amp Stusak, 1987 . Lindbergius Josifov, 1965 - 1965e 287. 41 . Typus subgeneris Gampsocoris pallidipes Lindberg, 1958 . Syn. Henry 1997 53, Gampsocoris s.str. Horvathiolus Josifov, 1965 - 1965b 316 38 . Typus generis Melanocoryphus superbus Pollich, 1781 . Baginocoris Josifov, 1992 - 1992d 112 111 . Typus generis...
Results
The new specimen of Gerris costae 1799 from the British Isles belongs to haplotype III of this species, which was previously recorded from Schwitzerland, while the new specimen of G. thoracicus 1710 from Sicily belongs to haplotype XVIII of this species, which was previously recorded from Crete Damgaard 2006 . The new specimens of Aquarius najas from Sardinia 1569, 1570 have two new haplotypes compared to Damgaard 2005 , and so has the new specimen of G. lacustris 1793 from the British Isles...
Ephemeroptera
Synonyms Plectoptera, Ephemerida Common names mayflies, shadflies Adults small- to medium-sized elongate fragile insects antennae short and setaceous, mouthparts vestigial, compound eyes large, three ocelli present generally two pairs of membranous wings though hind pair greatly reduced held vertically over body when at rest, with many crossveins abdomen terminated with two very long cerci and frequently a median caudal filament with subimaginal and imaginal winged stages. Larvae aquatic body...
Modes Of Transmission
The transmission of parasites by vectors may be vertical or horizontal. Vertical transmission is the passage of parasites direcdy to subsequent life stages or generations within vector populations. Horizontal transmission describes the passage of parasites between vector and vertebrate hosts. Three types of vertical transmission are possible within vector populations transstadial, transgenerational, and venereal transmission. Transstadial transmission is the sequential passage of parasites...
Lymexylidae
Adults are 9-15 mm long and narrow-bodied. The head is bent downward and narrowed behind the eyes to form a short neck eyes are large and the legs are slender. The larva has an enlarged prothorax, well-developed legs, and abdominal tergite 9 is usually modified. Beetles in this family were serious pests at the time ofwooden ships, especially those made ofoak. They are often found under bark and in dead logs and stumps. These beetles causemuch of the pinhole damage in commercial chestnut and...
Dermestidae
Dermestids are 2-12-mm-long oval or elongate oval beetles with short, clubbed antennae. They usually have a distinct color pattern, and many are covered with fine setae or scales. Full-grown larvae are 4-12 mm long, brown and usually with long setae on the sclerites and posterior end they are usually slow-moving. Their primitive habitat was probably feeding on decomposing animal matter, but, as the group evolved, feeding habits radiated to include other material. They are general scavengers on...
A Brief History of Pest Management
The history of pest management dates back to the beginnings of agriculture and from that time it is a history that combines important events discoveries and defining moments , influential people, institutions, organizations and governments in ways that have led us to the current concept of integrated pest management IPM . IPM has been defined as a 'pest management system that in the context of the associated environment and population dynamics of the pest species, utilizes as suitable...
Coop L M Kogan and W Bajwa 2000
Area-wide programme for suppression of codling moth summary of the effect of 5 years of control. Extending the principles and lessons learned outside the project and to other commodities, pp. 176-183. In Proceedings 95th Annual Meeting of the Washington State Horticultural Association, 8-10 December 2000, Wenatchee, WA., USA. Coppedge, J. R. 1994. Forum IPPM - integrating the best of current knowledge, pp. 2. In Agricultural Research, July 1994. USDA, Washington, DC., USA. Cronin, J. T., P....
Types of pest damage
The presence of an insect pest in a crop is usually characterized by a particular type of damage. The damage may take the form of injuries caused by insect feeding, the presence of contaminants, such as frass, that reduce the market quality of the har-vestable product or indirect insect damage caused by the presence of bacteria or viruses transmitted by the insect. The type of pest damage will in turn influence both the likelihood and the extent of yield loss. Insects feed and consume plant...
Lentic Habitats
Lentic or standing-water habitats range from temporary pools to large deep lakes and include marshes and swamps, as well as natural i.e., tree holes, pitcher plants and artificial i.e., old tires, rain barrels containers. The available habitats and communities for insects in a pond or lake were defined in Table II. These habitats include the littoral zone, which comprises the shallow areas along the shore with light penetration to the bottom and normally contains macrophytes rooted vascular...
Phylogeny and Classification Jxc
In contrast to that of the other paleopteran order, the Ephemeroptera, the fossil record of the Odonata is remarkably extensive. Carpenter 1992 suggested that the aquatic juvenile stage and the tendency of adults to remain near water would favor the fossilization of these generally robust insects. According to Carpenter 1992 , the earliest odonates from the Permian belonged to the entirely fossil suborders Protanisoptera and Archizy-goptera. Other suborders include the Triadophlebiomorpha...
Toxic Tactics And Terrors
Stinging insects proved decisive in ending many sieges and battles, but few military historians know that a war was started by a bee.1 In 637 ce, a rancorous fellow named Congal, heir to the throne of Ulster, was paying a state visit to the king of Ireland and his family. Domnall, the Irish king, was a gracious host, except for one small oversight he failed to put adequate distance between his beehives and his guests. As fate would have it, Congal was stung in the eye by an errant bee. If it...
World Production And Trade
Beekeeping with modern movable-frame hives aims to maximize honey production, and wax production is suppressed by providing the bees with sheets of ready-built wax comb foundation in frames. In experiments in Egypt, wax production in modern hives was only 0.4 to 0.6 of honey production, whereas in traditional hives it was 9 to 11 . Bees secrete beeswax more readily in hot than in cold climates, and most surplus beeswax is produced in those tropical regions where traditional hives are still...
The breadth of forensic entomology
Forensic entomology is the branch of forensic science in which information about insects is used to draw conclusions when investigating legal cases relating to both humans and wildlife, although on occasion the term may be expanded to include other arthropods. Insects can be used in the investigation of a crime scene both on land and in water Anderson, 1995 Erzinglioglu, 2000 Keiper and Casamatta, 2001 Hobischak and Anderson, 2002 Oliveira-Costa and de Mello-Patiu, 2004 . The majority of cases...
Golden buprestid Oregon jewel beetle Buprestis aurulenta
Adults are about 20 mm long. The body is golden green or blue-green, and with the median suture and margins copper-colored. Eggs are laid on the bark or sometimes in cracks and crevices of exposed wood. Eggs hatch in 7-10 days. Larvae feed in the wood and their tunnels gradually increase in size during the 2-4 years of development. Larval tunnels are oval, about 10 mm wide and 1-5 m long, and they are tightly packed with frass. Larval development takes 2-4 years, and pupation takes place in...
Thorax
The thorax represents the second tagma of the insect body. The thorax evolved early in the phylogenetic history of insects. In most Paleozoic insects the thorax is well developed and differentiated from the head and abdomen, and the three distinct tagmata probably developed during the Devonian. FIGURE 6 Mandible articulation. Top lateral view bottom posterior view Orthoptera Stenoplematidae . In terms of insect phylogeny, the thorax of Apterygota is strikingly different in shape compared with...
Prevention And Control
Traditionally, cockroaches have been controlled using a variety of toxic chemicals applied as residual pesticides to harborage sites or areas frequented by foraging individuals see Ebling, 1975 and Rust et. al, 1995 . Most materials are neurotoxins that disrupt the nervous system, causing locomotory and respiratory failure. These include organophosphates, carbamates, botanicals such as pyrethrins, and pyrethroids. Formulations include wettable powders, emulsifiable concentrates,...
Intragenomic heterogeneity
In bacteria, the intragenomic heterogeneity of the 16S-23S-5S rRNA operon rRNA operon thereafter and its influence on phylogenetic reconstruction in closely related species has previously been shown in a taxonomically broad range of free-living species Luz et al , 1998 Pettersson et al ., 1998 Yap et al ., 1999 Marchandin et al ., 2003 Boucher et al ., 2004 Lin et al ., 2004 . Moreover, it was studied in detail for the Escherichia Shigella branch Cilia et al , 1996 Garcia-Martinez et al , 1996...
Systematic Part
Key to species of Corixidae possibly occurring in Thailand Primarily applicable to males 1. Pronotum and hemielytra concolorous. Body shape broad, length 6.5-8.0 mm, head width 2.3-2.9 mm, Fig. 1 Agraptacorixa hyalinipennis Fabricius -. Pronotum and hemielytra brown with yellowish transverse bands which are interrupted on hemielytra. Body shape more elongate, length 4.5-7.0 mm, head width 1.5-2.2 mm, Fig. 2 genus 2. Pronotum with 8-11, often anastomotic, transverse yellowish lines male vertex...
Abdominal Appendages
Generally the only appendages seen on the abdomen of an adult pterygote insect are those on the genital segments the external genitalia and the cerci. In the apterygote groups i i jS FIGURE 3.30. Postgenital segments of a female grasshop- .V ovi i itoi- per. From R. E. Snodgrass, Principles of Insect Morphology. Y- Copyright 1935 by McGraw-Hill, Inc. Used with permission of there are, in addition, appendages on a varied number of pregenital segments. All of these 85 may be considered as primary...
Cark Op I I Ik Young
Parental care of eggs and young is common in some centipedes, arachnids, and insects. Some female spiders wrap their eggs in silk and carry them around, or stay close by until they hatch. Scorpions and some other arachnids brood their eggs and carry recently emerged young on their backs. Among insects, it is usually the female who takes responsibility for child-care, but the males may also play a part in some families. coloration o f t ige moth indicates its unpalatahility VlKTHODS OK SKU -1...
Key to the Orders of Insects
The following key, modified from Brues et al. 1954 , is in accordance with the classification used in this book. A few comments are necessary regarding its use. The key is suitable for use with the adult and most larval forms of insects. However, the larval forms of the endopterygote orders are often difficult to identify and, if at all possible, they should be allowed to metamorphose to the adult stage. In some cases it is important to know the original habitat of the specimen, and care should...
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of
the United Nations. 1996. Food, agriculture and food security developments since the World Food Conference and prospects. Technical background document no. 1 for the World Food Summit. FAO, Rome, Italy. FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2001. Economic impacts of transboundary plant pests and animal diseases. Part III - The state of food and agriculture 2001. FAO, Rome, Italy. FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2003a. International code of...
Stages of decomposition of a body
The stages of decomposition of a body have been a topic of interest for both artists and scientists over a long period of time Figures 1.1-1.8 . There are three recognizable processes in corpse decomposition. These are autolysis, putrefaction and skeletal bone decomposition diagenesis . In autolysis, a process of natural breakdown, the cells of the body are digested by enzymes, including lipases, proteases and carbohydrases. This process can be most rapid in organs such as the brain and liver...
Lice Of Cattle
Lice are a major problem in cattle operations worldwide. Domestic cattle are parasitized by six species of lice three species of Haematopinus, one of Linognathus, one of Solenopotes, and one of Bovicola. Domestic Asiatic buffalo are typically parasitized by H. tuberculatus Tables I and II . Females of the cosmopolitan cattle biting louse Bovicola bovis lay an average of 0.7 eggs per day, which hatch 7 10 days later. Each nymphal instar lasts 5 6 days, and adult longevity can be as long as 10...
Wiley I
Copyright 2007 John Wiley amp Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England Email for orders and customer service enquiries cs-books wiley.co.uk Visit our Home Page on www.wiley.com All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except under the terms of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988...
The Growth and Development of Insects
Eggs. Insect eggs differ in shape and color, and some are ornamented with ridges, spines, or other processes. Most insects lay their eggs in a situation where the young on hatching will have conditions suitable for development. Many lay their eggs in characteristic masses, and a few cover their eggs with a protective material of some sort. The eggs of some insects develop internally, and the young are born alive. Insect eggs ordinarily develop only if they have been fertilized but some undergo...
Hostplant specialization
One of the most striking features of insect-plant relationships is the high degree of food specialization among herbivorous insects. This phenomenon forms the heart of these relationships, and all discussions in the following chapters are pervaded with this notion. It is therefore useful to consider the degree of dietary specialization or generalization shown by herbivores. Insects that in nature occur on only one or a few closely related plant species are called monophagous. Many...
V F Eastop
Pakistan Murree, 2250 m, Pinns excelsa, 3.V .1964, 1 aptera i gt . Hille Ris Lumbers . Host-pi ant. Probably Pinus wallichiana excelsa Wallich . Distribution. Pakistan Murree, 2250 m . Notes. Probably not really a Cinarella but the first tarsal segments are long enough to take it to Cinarella in some keys. Cinara maritimae Dufoui Text-figs 3, 4 Aphis pint subsp. maritimae Dufour, 1833 243-245. Types unknown presumably France 'du pin maritime'. Cinara pineti F. Blanchard, 1939 869....
Naming and Describing Insects
For a variety of reasons but most obviously the enormous diversity within the class Insecta and economic considerations, insect taxonomists usually work within fairly narrow boundaries. Only by doing this can they acquire the necessary familiarity with a particular group including knowledge of the relevant literature to determine whether the specimen they are examining has been described and named or may be new to science. Even after a particular group has been chosen for study, there are...
Historic Roots and Importance of Mites
In one of the first reports of modern forensic entomology, Brouardel describes the case of a newborn child that was found as a mummified body in January 1878 Benecke 2001 Brouardel 1879 . The time of death was independently estimated based on caterpillars and mites present on the corpse. The caterpillars were studied by Perier and identified as belonging to the genus Aglossa and might have been A. caprealis Pyralidae, Lepidoptera , also known as murky meal moth, fungus moth, small tabby, or a...
Dallas
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Insect Biodiversity
Edited by Robert G. Foottit and Peter H. Adler A John Wiley amp Sons, Ltd., Publication This edition first published 2009, 2009 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd Blackwell Publishing was acquired by John Wiley amp Sons in February 2007. Blackwell's publishing program has been merged with Wiley's global Scientific, Technical and Medical business to form Wiley-Blackwell. Registered office John Wiley amp Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8S0, UK Editorial Offices 9600...
History Of Medicalveterinary Entomology
Problems caused by biting and annoying arthropods and the pathogens they transmit have been the subject of writers since antiquity Service 1978 . Homer mid-8th century BC , Aristophanes ca. 448-380 BC , Aristotle 384-322 BC , Plautus ca. 254-184 BC , Columella 5 BC to AD 65 , and Pliny AD 23-79 all wrote about the nuisance caused by flies, mosquitoes, lice, and or bedbugs. However, the study of modern medical-veterinary entomology is usually recognized as beginning in the late 19th century,...
Causes of Pest Outbreaks
The history of pest management is a subset of the history largely of agriculture and while pests have been a chronic problem in agriculture since the beginning, many of today's serious pest problems are the direct consequence of actions taken to improve crop production Waage, 1993 . The intensification of agriculture has created new or greater pest problems in a number of ways 1. The concentration of a single plant species variety in ever larger and more extensive monocultures increases its...
Arthropod Evolution Oqn
outgrowths of the body wall that served as legs . After chitinization of the cuticle and 17 loss of all except one pair of tentacles which formed the antennae , the lobopods gave rise to the Protonychophora. From the protonychophorans developed, on the one hand, the Onychophora and, on the other, the Protarthropoda in which the cuticle became sclero-tized and thickened. Such organisms lived in shallow water near the shore or in the littoral zone. The Protarthropoda gave rise to the Protrilobita...
Insects And Spiders Volume 1
Readers Pronunciation Guide for Scientific Names xi Words to Getting to Know Insects and Spiders xxv Sea Horseshoe crabs 8 Spiders, scorpions, mites, and ticks 15 Silverfish and fire brats 65 Dragonflies and damselflies 81 Grasshoppers, crickets, and katydids 166 Heel-walkers or gladiators 189 Timemas and stick and leaf insects 193 Species List by Biome li Species List by Geographic Range lv Readers Pronunciation Guide for Scientific Names xi Words to Getting to Know Insects and Spiders xxv...